Norwegian company Nofence is using GPS technology to create ‘virtual fences’ for livestock, which can keep them in the right place without the need for traditional physical barriers. Each animal in a herd or flock wears a collar linked to Nofence’s app, with the farmer setting up the animal’s pastures, which are bordered by digitally demarcated barriers or ‘virtual fences’. If an animal goes over one of the virtual fences, it is confronted with an audio warning, and then given an electrical pulse. Nofence was founded by goat farmer Oscar Hovde, who wanted to utilise mountainous land for grazing but was restricted by the difficulty of building physical fencing on such land. Virtual fencing allows farmers to implement rotational grazing systems, improving the lives of animals and pastures. The technology also prevents physical barriers from damaging or inconveniencing other wildlife.